There are different views in discussing the Necessity or the lack of Necessity of the Transactions without contraction. One of the reasons referred to by those who believe in the lack of Necessity of the Transactions without contraction is the famous narration “truly, the Word makes something lawful or unlawful”. There are disagreements among jurists as to whether the “Word” has been used in its superficial meaning or it has a metaphoric meaning. There are various possibilities according to the reasons in this regard by analyzing of which it turned out that none of them are acceptable; rather, by the “Word” it is probably meant the corresponding meaning: that is, a conversation carried out between the dealer and the customer, which has the capability of being both the rules of vindication and sanctity without being involved in the problems of other possibilities and it will not lead to any conflict with the validity of the Transaction without contraction.

Background: In the Persian language, limited tasks measure the skill of repeating real Words along with non-Words. However, clinical centers need such tests to investigate speech and language problems in children accurately. The present study prepared two real-Word/non-Word lists, and their psychometric properties were determined.Methods: This methodological and cross-sectional study involved preparing 120 speech contexts (60 Words and 60 non-Words), which were then divided into two equivalent lists (List 1 and List 2). The content validity of these lists was determined. To check consistency and reliability, the lists were administered in two sessions at one-week intervals to 50 normal children aged 4 to 6 years from preschool centers in Ahvaz city. The children were asked to repeat each speech context after hearing it. Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability, and equivalent form reliability were calculated.        Results: The content validity ratio of both lists was 1. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for Lists 1 and 2 were 0.792 and 0.790, respectively. The repeatability coefficients for Lists 1 and 2 were 0.70 and 0.71, respectively, and both were significant (p = 0.000). The difference between the two lists' average scores was insignificant (t = -0.67, p > 0.05). Age (but not gender) caused a significant difference in repetition scores.Conclusion: The prepared real-Word/non-Word lists for evaluating repetition skills are valid and reliable. They can be used for clinical and research purposes in Persian-speaking preschoolers, especially those aged 4 to 5.

Background and objectives: Forests are one of the most significant sources of species diversity in the biosphere, playing a crucial role in protecting endangered species. With a total of 115 indigenous plant species, Hyrcanian forests are considered one of the most valuable ecosystems in Iran and the world. Deadwood is one of the significant structural characteristics of these natural forests. Deadwood, as habitat trees, plays an essential role in maintaining biodiversity. Saproxylic species are invertebrates that depend on rotting wood, deadwood (standing or fallen), fungi, and other living organisms during part of their life cycle. Therefore, this study investigates and analyzes the need to replace the proposed Word “خشک دارزی” instead of “saproxylic.”Methodology: The method in this study involved a review of previous studies and the authors’ research related to the comprehensive plan of saproxylic species diversity in northern Iran. Based on this, the study investigates and evaluates the most important reasons for using the Persian Word “خشک دارزی” instead of “saproxylic” in seven different cases. These include a specialized review of the Word “saproxylic,” examining the distinction between obligatory and optional users of deadwood, estimating species related to deadwood, analyzing the variables affecting the abundance of saproxylic individuals, the relationship between the loss of biodiversity of Saproxylic species and the absence of deadwood, forest plantations and saproxylic individuals, and comparing the Word “خشک دارزی” with other similar Words.Results: The specialized examination of the Word “saproxylic” showed that this term forms the basis of biodiversity assessment in deadwood and describes insects living in decaying wood. Saproxylic organisms (hereafter: “خشک دارزی”) directly and indirectly use deadwood as a source of energy or habitat. Twenty to twenty-five percent of the insects living in the forest are species related to deadwood. The results of examining the variables affecting the abundance of Saproxylic individuals showed that deadwood volume, the degree of deadwood decay, and the volume of living trees had significant effects on the frequency of Saproxylic individuals. Various studies also showed the relationship between the loss of biodiversity of Saproxylic individuals and the absence of deadwood, with traps (window and pit) always installed where deadwood is present. On the other hand, although plantations for wood production are one of the most important sources of wood on a wide scale, there is no sign of deadwood and, consequently, no presence of saproxylic individuals in these areas compared to natural forests. While the meaning of deadwood is a dried tree, in nature, deadwood is not always a completely dead tree. In many cases, only part of the trunk or crown of the tree is dead, while other parts are healthy. This term is known to all experts in forest ecology as referring to any part of a completely dead tree, aligning with the term deadwood.Conclusion: Therefore, the Word “خشک دارزی”instead of “Saproxylic” can effectively describe this category of species in the Persian language. Finally, the Necessity of replacing non-Persian Words with suitable Persian Words and equating these Words in scientific research writings, while preserving their expressive meaning in Persian, can be a positive step towards specialized vocabulary.

The publication of “The Problem of Social Cost” by Ronald Coase in the 1960s shaped a turning point in the interdisciplinary studies between economics and other related disciplines. The pre-coasian economic theories–which mostly belonged to neo-classical school-place no importance on the legal and historical institutions. Coase along with other property rights economists showed that when Transaction costs are positive, allocative efficiency is not independent from legal rules and so the legal institutions have a determining role in achieving efficiency. This framework remembers us that when Transaction costs are positive, interdisciplinary studies are unavoidable. The rise of “Law and Economics” movement in the academic literature was the natural consequence of the Coase Theorem. In this paper, we shall introduce these new perspectives and their implications for interdisciplinary research about law, economics, and history in Islam. We will see that Coase theorem and the very conception of Transaction costs can play an important role in developing Islamic interdisciplinary research on economics and open new research perspectives.

Introducing the Transaction cost economics (TCE), the article, as its main concerns, tries to explain the method of making the concept of Transaction cost operational and applying it in empirical studies. In this paper, the writer tries to provide some answers to these questions: How do followers of institutionalism and Transaction cost economists use this concept in practice and empirical studies? And basically, do they have any coherent method to deal with subject matters of economics or that institutional approach is only story telling?New institutional economics (NIB)are divided into two main areas; institutional environment and institutional arrangement. TCE is related to the institutional arrangement and Williamson has related it into governance structure. Coase's article entitled "The Nature of the Firm" is the beginning of this approach which emphasizes the firm must be considered as a governance structure, rather than a production function or a technological construction. TCE tends to make the concept of Transaction cost operational and for achieving this purpose, uses the idea of firm as a governance structure and develop "discriminating alignment" hypothesis.

Nowadays, information plays an important role in organizations. Sensitive information is often stored in databases. Traditional mechanisms such as encryption, access control, and authentication cannot provide a high level of confidence. Therefore, the existence of Intrusion Detection Systems in databases are necessary. In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system for detecting attacks in both database Transaction level and inter-Transaction level (user task level). For this purpose, we propose a detection method at Transaction level, which is based on describing the expected Transactions within the database applications. Then at inter-Transaction level, we propose a detection method that is based on anomaly detection and uses data mining to find dependency and sequence rules. The main advantage of this system, in comparison with the previous database intrusion detection systems, is that it can detect malicious behaviors in both Transaction and inter-Transaction levels.Also, it gains advantages of a hybrid method, including specification-based detection and anomaly detection, to minimize both false positive and false negative alarms. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed system, some experiments have been done. The experiment results demonstrate that the true positive rate (recall metric) is higher than 80%, and the false positive rate is lower than 10% per different data sets and choosing appropriate ranges for support and confidence thresholds. The experimental evaluation results show high accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed system.

The main objective of this study is to introduce important indicators of scientometrics such as co-citation and co-Word and their application in the analysis and visualization of scientific records indexed in citation databases. This research is conducted relying on scientometric approach; and the scientific products related to exegesis in Web of Science database are used as the statistical population in the second part of this research. Using scientometric techniques, experts in information science analyze scientific products and records indexed in different citation databases to find out top authors, countries, institutes, and organizations in every thematic field as well as main topics and core journals in order to visualize the scientific products in every given field for the purpose of scientific mapping using various scientometric techniques such as co-citation and coWord. Showing the frequency of Words, co-Word analysis displays the most significant research topics in every given field. Moreover, co-citation analysis which has high application in scientific product analysis is used to map the intellectual structure in a research domain.